12 Building

This section describes various build procedures, such as the steps needed for a simple build, building a target for multiple configurations, generating an image for more than one machine, and so forth.

12.1 Building a Simple Image

In the development environment, you need to build an image whenever you change hardware support, add or change system libraries, or add or change services that have dependencies. There are several methods that allow you to build an image within the Yocto Project. This section presents the basic steps you need to build a simple image using BitBake from a build host running Linux.

Note

For information on how to build an image using Toaster, see the Toaster User Manual.
For information on how to use devtool to build images, see the “Using devtool in Your SDK Workflow” section in the Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual.
For a quick example on how to build an image using the OpenEmbedded build system, see the Yocto Project Quick Build document.
You can also use the Yocto Project BitBake extension for Visual Studio Code to build images.

The build process creates an entire Linux distribution from source and places it in your Build Directory under tmp/deploy/images. For detailed information on the build process using BitBake, see the “Images” section in the Yocto Project Overview and Concepts Manual.

The following figure and list overviews the build process:

Set up Your Host Development System to Support Development Using the Yocto Project: See the “Setting Up to Use the Yocto Project” section for options on how to get a build host ready to use the Yocto Project.
Initialize the Build Environment: Initialize the build environment by sourcing the build environment script (i.e. oe-init-build-env):
```
$ source oe-init-build-env [build_dir]
```
When you use the initialization script, the OpenEmbedded build system uses build as the default Build Directory in your current work directory. You can use a build_dir argument with the script to specify a different Build Directory.

Note

A common practice is to use a different Build Directory for different targets; for example, ~/build/x86 for a qemux86 target, and ~/build/arm for a qemuarm target. In any event, it’s typically cleaner to locate the Build Directory somewhere outside of your source directory.
Make Sure Your local.conf File is Correct: Ensure the conf/local.conf configuration file, which is found in the Build Directory, is set up how you want it. This file defines many aspects of the build environment including the target machine architecture through the MACHINE variable, the packaging format used during the build (PACKAGE_CLASSES), and a centralized tarball download directory through the DL_DIR variable.
Build the Image: Build the image using the bitbake command:
```
$ bitbake target
```
Note

For information on BitBake, see the BitBake User Manual.

The target is the name of the recipe you want to build. Common targets are the images in meta/recipes-core/images, meta/recipes-sato/images, and so forth all found in the Source Directory. Alternatively, the target can be the name of a recipe for a specific piece of software such as BusyBox. For more details about the images the OpenEmbedded build system supports, see the “Images” chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual.

As an example, the following command builds the core-image-minimal image:
```
$ bitbake core-image-minimal
```
Once an image has been built, it often needs to be installed. The images and kernels built by the OpenEmbedded build system are placed in the Build Directory in tmp/deploy/images. For information on how to run pre-built images such as qemux86 and qemuarm, see the Yocto Project Application Development and the Extensible Software Development Kit (eSDK) manual. For information about how to install these images, see the documentation for your particular board or machine.

12.2 Building Images for Multiple Targets Using Multiple Configurations

You can use a single bitbake command to build multiple images or packages for different targets where each image or package requires a different configuration (multiple configuration builds). The builds, in this scenario, are sometimes referred to as “multiconfigs”, and this section uses that term throughout.

This section describes how to set up for multiple configuration builds and how to account for cross-build dependencies between the multiconfigs.

12.2.1 Setting Up and Running a Multiple Configuration Build

To accomplish a multiple configuration build, you must define each target’s configuration separately using a parallel configuration file in the Build Directory or configuration directory within a layer, and you must follow a required file hierarchy. Additionally, you must enable the multiple configuration builds in your local.conf file.

Follow these steps to set up and execute multiple configuration builds:

Create Separate Configuration Files: You need to create a single configuration file for each build target (each multiconfig). The configuration definitions are implementation dependent but often each configuration file will define the machine and the temporary directory BitBake uses for the build. Whether the same temporary directory (TMPDIR) can be shared will depend on what is similar and what is different between the configurations. Multiple MACHINE targets can share the same (TMPDIR) as long as the rest of the configuration is the same, multiple DISTRO settings would need separate (TMPDIR) directories.

For example, consider a scenario with two different multiconfigs for the same MACHINE: “qemux86” built for two distributions such as “poky” and “poky-lsb”. In this case, you would need to use the different TMPDIR.

Here is an example showing the minimal statements needed in a configuration file for a “qemux86” target whose temporary build directory is tmpmultix86:
```
MACHINE = "qemux86"
TMPDIR = "${TOPDIR}/tmpmultix86"
```
The location for these multiconfig configuration files is specific. They must reside in the current Build Directory in a sub-directory of conf named multiconfig or within a layer’s conf directory under a directory named multiconfig. Here is an example that defines two configuration files for the “x86” and “arm” multiconfigs:

The usual BBPATH search path is used to locate multiconfig files in a similar way to other conf files.
Add the BitBake Multi-configuration Variable to the Local Configuration File: Use the BBMULTICONFIG variable in your conf/local.conf configuration file to specify each multiconfig. Continuing with the example from the previous figure, the BBMULTICONFIG variable needs to enable two multiconfigs: “x86” and “arm” by specifying each configuration file:
```
BBMULTICONFIG = "x86 arm"
```
Note

A “default” configuration already exists by definition. This configuration is named: “” (i.e. empty string) and is defined by the variables coming from your local.conf file. Consequently, the previous example actually adds two additional configurations to your build: “arm” and “x86” along with “”.
Launch BitBake: Use the following BitBake command form to launch the multiple configuration build:
```
$ bitbake [mc:multiconfigname:]target [[[mc:multiconfigname:]target] ... ]
```
For the example in this section, the following command applies:
```
$ bitbake mc:x86:core-image-minimal mc:arm:core-image-sato mc::core-image-base
```
The previous BitBake command builds a core-image-minimal image that is configured through the x86.conf configuration file, a core-image-sato image that is configured through the arm.conf configuration file and a core-image-base that is configured through your local.conf configuration file.

Note

Support for multiple configuration builds in the Yocto Project 4.3.999 (Nanbield) Release does not include Shared State (sstate) optimizations. Consequently, if a build uses the same object twice in, for example, two different TMPDIR directories, the build either loads from an existing sstate cache for that build at the start or builds the object fresh.

12.2.2 Enabling Multiple Configuration Build Dependencies

Sometimes dependencies can exist between targets (multiconfigs) in a multiple configuration build. For example, suppose that in order to build a core-image-sato image for an “x86” multiconfig, the root filesystem of an “arm” multiconfig must exist. This dependency is essentially that the do_image task in the core-image-sato recipe depends on the completion of the do_rootfs task of the core-image-minimal recipe.

To enable dependencies in a multiple configuration build, you must declare the dependencies in the recipe using the following statement form:

task_or_package[mcdepends] = "mc:from_multiconfig:to_multiconfig:recipe_name:task_on_which_to_depend"

To better show how to use this statement, consider the example scenario from the first paragraph of this section. The following statement needs to be added to the recipe that builds the core-image-sato image:

do_image[mcdepends] = "mc:x86:arm:core-image-minimal:do_rootfs"

In this example, the from_multiconfig is “x86”. The to_multiconfig is “arm”. The task on which the do_image task in the recipe depends is the do_rootfs task from the core-image-minimal recipe associated with the “arm” multiconfig.

Once you set up this dependency, you can build the “x86” multiconfig using a BitBake command as follows:

$ bitbake mc:x86:core-image-sato

This command executes all the tasks needed to create the core-image-sato image for the “x86” multiconfig. Because of the dependency, BitBake also executes through the do_rootfs task for the “arm” multiconfig build.

Having a recipe depend on the root filesystem of another build might not seem that useful. Consider this change to the statement in the core-image-sato recipe:

do_image[mcdepends] = "mc:x86:arm:core-image-minimal:do_image"

In this case, BitBake must create the core-image-minimal image for the “arm” build since the “x86” build depends on it.

Because “x86” and “arm” are enabled for multiple configuration builds and have separate configuration files, BitBake places the artifacts for each build in the respective temporary build directories (i.e. TMPDIR).

12.3 Building an Initial RAM Filesystem (Initramfs) Image

An initial RAM filesystem (Initramfs) image provides a temporary root filesystem used for early system initialization, typically providing tools and loading modules needed to locate and mount the final root filesystem.

Follow these steps to create an Initramfs image:

Create the Initramfs Image Recipe: You can reference the core-image-minimal-initramfs.bb recipe found in the meta/recipes-core directory of the Source Directory as an example from which to work.
Decide if You Need to Bundle the Initramfs Image Into the Kernel Image: If you want the Initramfs image that is built to be bundled in with the kernel image, set the INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE variable to "1" in your local.conf configuration file and set the INITRAMFS_IMAGE variable in the recipe that builds the kernel image.

Setting the INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE flag causes the Initramfs image to be unpacked into the ${B}/usr/ directory. The unpacked Initramfs image is then passed to the kernel’s Makefile using the CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE variable, allowing the Initramfs image to be built into the kernel normally.
Optionally Add Items to the Initramfs Image Through the Initramfs Image Recipe: If you add items to the Initramfs image by way of its recipe, you should use PACKAGE_INSTALL rather than IMAGE_INSTALL. PACKAGE_INSTALL gives more direct control of what is added to the image as compared to the defaults you might not necessarily want that are set by the image or core-image classes.
Build the Kernel Image and the Initramfs Image: Build your kernel image using BitBake. Because the Initramfs image recipe is a dependency of the kernel image, the Initramfs image is built as well and bundled with the kernel image if you used the INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE variable described earlier.

12.3.1 Bundling an Initramfs Image From a Separate Multiconfig

There may be a case where we want to build an Initramfs image which does not inherit the same distro policy as our main image, for example, we may want our main image to use TCLIBC="glibc", but to use TCLIBC="musl" in our Initramfs image to keep a smaller footprint. However, by performing the steps mentioned above the Initramfs image will inherit TCLIBC="glibc" without allowing us to override it.

To achieve this, you need to perform some additional steps:

Create a multiconfig for your Initramfs image: You can perform the steps on “Building Images for Multiple Targets Using Multiple Configurations” to create a separate multiconfig. For the sake of simplicity let’s assume such multiconfig is called: initramfscfg.conf and contains the variables:
```
TMPDIR="${TOPDIR}/tmp-initramfscfg"
TCLIBC="musl"
```
Set additional Initramfs variables on your main configuration: Additionally, on your main configuration (local.conf) you need to set the variables:
```
INITRAMFS_MULTICONFIG = "initramfscfg"
INITRAMFS_DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE = "${TOPDIR}/tmp-initramfscfg/deploy/images/${MACHINE}"
```
The variables INITRAMFS_MULTICONFIG and INITRAMFS_DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE are used to create a multiconfig dependency from the kernel to the INITRAMFS_IMAGE to be built coming from the initramfscfg multiconfig, and to let the buildsystem know where the INITRAMFS_IMAGE will be located.

Building a system with such configuration will build the kernel using the main configuration but the do_bundle_initramfs task will grab the selected INITRAMFS_IMAGE from INITRAMFS_DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE instead, resulting in a musl based Initramfs image bundled in the kernel but a glibc based main image.

The same is applicable to avoid inheriting DISTRO_FEATURES on INITRAMFS_IMAGE or to build a different DISTRO for it such as poky-tiny.

12.4 Building a Tiny System

Very small distributions have some significant advantages such as requiring less on-die or in-package memory (cheaper), better performance through efficient cache usage, lower power requirements due to less memory, faster boot times, and reduced development overhead. Some real-world examples where a very small distribution gives you distinct advantages are digital cameras, medical devices, and small headless systems.

This section presents information that shows you how you can trim your distribution to even smaller sizes than the poky-tiny distribution, which is around 5 Mbytes, that can be built out-of-the-box using the Yocto Project.

12.4.1 Tiny System Overview

The following list presents the overall steps you need to consider and perform to create distributions with smaller root filesystems, achieve faster boot times, maintain your critical functionality, and avoid initial RAM disks:

Determine your goals and guiding principles
Understand What Contributes to Your Image Size
Reduce the size of the root filesystem
Reduce the size of the kernel
Remove Package Management Requirements
Look for Other Ways to Minimize Size
Iterate on the Process

12.4.2 Goals and Guiding Principles

Before you can reach your destination, you need to know where you are going. Here is an example list that you can use as a guide when creating very small distributions:

Determine how much space you need (e.g. a kernel that is 1 Mbyte or less and a root filesystem that is 3 Mbytes or less).
Find the areas that are currently taking 90% of the space and concentrate on reducing those areas.
Do not create any difficult “hacks” to achieve your goals.
Leverage the device-specific options.
Work in a separate layer so that you keep changes isolated. For information on how to create layers, see the “Understanding and Creating Layers” section.

12.4.3 Understand What Contributes to Your Image Size

It is easiest to have something to start with when creating your own distribution. You can use the Yocto Project out-of-the-box to create the poky-tiny distribution. Ultimately, you will want to make changes in your own distribution that are likely modeled after poky-tiny.

Note

To use poky-tiny in your build, set the DISTRO variable in your local.conf file to “poky-tiny” as described in the “Creating Your Own Distribution” section.

Understanding some memory concepts will help you reduce the system size. Memory consists of static, dynamic, and temporary memory. Static memory is the TEXT (code), DATA (initialized data in the code), and BSS (uninitialized data) sections. Dynamic memory represents memory that is allocated at runtime: stacks, hash tables, and so forth. Temporary memory is recovered after the boot process. This memory consists of memory used for decompressing the kernel and for the __init__ functions.

To help you see where you currently are with kernel and root filesystem sizes, you can use two tools found in the Source Directory in the scripts/tiny/ directory:

ksize.py: Reports component sizes for the kernel build objects.
dirsize.py: Reports component sizes for the root filesystem.

This next tool and command help you organize configuration fragments and view file dependencies in a human-readable form:

merge_config.sh: Helps you manage configuration files and fragments within the kernel. With this tool, you can merge individual configuration fragments together. The tool allows you to make overrides and warns you of any missing configuration options. The tool is ideal for allowing you to iterate on configurations, create minimal configurations, and create configuration files for different machines without having to duplicate your process.

The merge_config.sh script is part of the Linux Yocto kernel Git repositories (i.e. linux-yocto-3.14, linux-yocto-3.10, linux-yocto-3.8, and so forth) in the scripts/kconfig directory.

For more information on configuration fragments, see the “Creating Configuration Fragments” section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual.
bitbake -u taskexp -g bitbake_target: Using the BitBake command with these options brings up a Dependency Explorer from which you can view file dependencies. Understanding these dependencies allows you to make informed decisions when cutting out various pieces of the kernel and root filesystem.

12.4.4 Trim the Root Filesystem

The root filesystem is made up of packages for booting, libraries, and applications. To change things, you can configure how the packaging happens, which changes the way you build them. You can also modify the filesystem itself or select a different filesystem.

First, find out what is hogging your root filesystem by running the dirsize.py script from your root directory:

$ cd root-directory-of-image
$ dirsize.py 100000 > dirsize-100k.log
$ cat dirsize-100k.log

You can apply a filter to the script to ignore files under a certain size. The previous example filters out any files below 100 Kbytes. The sizes reported by the tool are uncompressed, and thus will be smaller by a relatively constant factor in a compressed root filesystem. When you examine your log file, you can focus on areas of the root filesystem that take up large amounts of memory.

You need to be sure that what you eliminate does not cripple the functionality you need. One way to see how packages relate to each other is by using the Dependency Explorer UI with the BitBake command:

$ cd image-directory
$ bitbake -u taskexp -g image

Use the interface to select potential packages you wish to eliminate and see their dependency relationships.

When deciding how to reduce the size, get rid of packages that result in minimal impact on the feature set. For example, you might not need a VGA display. Or, you might be able to get by with devtmpfs and mdev instead of udev.

Use your local.conf file to make changes. For example, to eliminate udev and glib, set the following in the local configuration file:

VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_dev_manager = ""

Finally, you should consider exactly the type of root filesystem you need to meet your needs while also reducing its size. For example, consider cramfs, squashfs, ubifs, ext2, or an Initramfs using initramfs. Be aware that ext3 requires a 1 Mbyte journal. If you are okay with running read-only, you do not need this journal.

Note

After each round of elimination, you need to rebuild your system and then use the tools to see the effects of your reductions.

12.4.5 Trim the Kernel

The kernel is built by including policies for hardware-independent aspects. What subsystems do you enable? For what architecture are you building? Which drivers do you build by default?

Note

You can modify the kernel source if you want to help with boot time.

Run the ksize.py script from the top-level Linux build directory to get an idea of what is making up the kernel:

$ cd top-level-linux-build-directory
$ ksize.py > ksize.log
$ cat ksize.log

When you examine the log, you will see how much space is taken up with the built-in .o files for drivers, networking, core kernel files, filesystem, sound, and so forth. The sizes reported by the tool are uncompressed, and thus will be smaller by a relatively constant factor in a compressed kernel image. Look to reduce the areas that are large and taking up around the “90% rule.”

To examine, or drill down, into any particular area, use the -d option with the script:

$ ksize.py -d > ksize.log

Using this option breaks out the individual file information for each area of the kernel (e.g. drivers, networking, and so forth).

Use your log file to see what you can eliminate from the kernel based on features you can let go. For example, if you are not going to need sound, you do not need any drivers that support sound.

After figuring out what to eliminate, you need to reconfigure the kernel to reflect those changes during the next build. You could run menuconfig and make all your changes at once. However, that makes it difficult to see the effects of your individual eliminations and also makes it difficult to replicate the changes for perhaps another target device. A better method is to start with no configurations using allnoconfig, create configuration fragments for individual changes, and then manage the fragments into a single configuration file using merge_config.sh. The tool makes it easy for you to iterate using the configuration change and build cycle.

Each time you make configuration changes, you need to rebuild the kernel and check to see what impact your changes had on the overall size.

12.4.6 Remove Package Management Requirements

Packaging requirements add size to the image. One way to reduce the size of the image is to remove all the packaging requirements from the image. This reduction includes both removing the package manager and its unique dependencies as well as removing the package management data itself.

To eliminate all the packaging requirements for an image, be sure that “package-management” is not part of your IMAGE_FEATURES statement for the image. When you remove this feature, you are removing the package manager as well as its dependencies from the root filesystem.

12.4.7 Look for Other Ways to Minimize Size

Depending on your particular circumstances, other areas that you can trim likely exist. The key to finding these areas is through tools and methods described here combined with experimentation and iteration. Here are a couple of areas to experiment with:

glibc: In general, follow this process:
1. Remove glibc features from DISTRO_FEATURES that you think you do not need.
2. Build your distribution.
3. If the build fails due to missing symbols in a package, determine if you can reconfigure the package to not need those features. For example, change the configuration to not support wide character support as is done for ncurses. Or, if support for those characters is needed, determine what glibc features provide the support and restore the configuration.
1. Rebuild and repeat the process.
busybox: For BusyBox, use a process similar as described for glibc. A difference is you will need to boot the resulting system to see if you are able to do everything you expect from the running system. You need to be sure to integrate configuration fragments into Busybox because BusyBox handles its own core features and then allows you to add configuration fragments on top.

12.4.8 Iterate on the Process

If you have not reached your goals on system size, you need to iterate on the process. The process is the same. Use the tools and see just what is taking up 90% of the root filesystem and the kernel. Decide what you can eliminate without limiting your device beyond what you need.

Depending on your system, a good place to look might be Busybox, which provides a stripped down version of Unix tools in a single, executable file. You might be able to drop virtual terminal services or perhaps ipv6.

12.5 Building Images for More than One Machine

A common scenario developers face is creating images for several different machines that use the same software environment. In this situation, it is tempting to set the tunings and optimization flags for each build specifically for the targeted hardware (i.e. “maxing out” the tunings). Doing so can considerably add to build times and package feed maintenance collectively for the machines. For example, selecting tunes that are extremely specific to a CPU core used in a system might enable some micro optimizations in GCC for that particular system but would otherwise not gain you much of a performance difference across the other systems as compared to using a more general tuning across all the builds (e.g. setting DEFAULTTUNE specifically for each machine’s build). Rather than “max out” each build’s tunings, you can take steps that cause the OpenEmbedded build system to reuse software across the various machines where it makes sense.

If build speed and package feed maintenance are considerations, you should consider the points in this section that can help you optimize your tunings to best consider build times and package feed maintenance.

Share the :term:`Build Directory`: If at all possible, share the TMPDIR across builds. The Yocto Project supports switching between different MACHINE values in the same TMPDIR. This practice is well supported and regularly used by developers when building for multiple machines. When you use the same TMPDIR for multiple machine builds, the OpenEmbedded build system can reuse the existing native and often cross-recipes for multiple machines. Thus, build time decreases.

Note

If DISTRO settings change or fundamental configuration settings such as the filesystem layout, you need to work with a clean TMPDIR. Sharing TMPDIR under these circumstances might work but since it is not guaranteed, you should use a clean TMPDIR.
Enable the Appropriate Package Architecture: By default, the OpenEmbedded build system enables three levels of package architectures: “all”, “tune” or “package”, and “machine”. Any given recipe usually selects one of these package architectures (types) for its output. Depending for what a given recipe creates packages, making sure you enable the appropriate package architecture can directly impact the build time.

A recipe that just generates scripts can enable “all” architecture because there are no binaries to build. To specifically enable “all” architecture, be sure your recipe inherits the allarch class. This class is useful for “all” architectures because it configures many variables so packages can be used across multiple architectures.

If your recipe needs to generate packages that are machine-specific or when one of the build or runtime dependencies is already machine-architecture dependent, which makes your recipe also machine-architecture dependent, make sure your recipe enables the “machine” package architecture through the MACHINE_ARCH variable:
```
PACKAGE_ARCH = "${MACHINE_ARCH}"
```
When you do not specifically enable a package architecture through the PACKAGE_ARCH, The OpenEmbedded build system defaults to the TUNE_PKGARCH setting:
```
PACKAGE_ARCH = "${TUNE_PKGARCH}"
```
Choose a Generic Tuning File if Possible: Some tunes are more generic and can run on multiple targets (e.g. an armv5 set of packages could run on armv6 and armv7 processors in most cases). Similarly, i486 binaries could work on i586 and higher processors. You should realize, however, that advances on newer processor versions would not be used.

If you select the same tune for several different machines, the OpenEmbedded build system reuses software previously built, thus speeding up the overall build time. Realize that even though a new sysroot for each machine is generated, the software is not recompiled and only one package feed exists.
Manage Granular Level Packaging: Sometimes there are cases where injecting another level of package architecture beyond the three higher levels noted earlier can be useful. For example, consider how NXP (formerly Freescale) allows for the easy reuse of binary packages in their layer meta-freescale. In this example, the fsl-dynamic-packagearch class shares GPU packages for i.MX53 boards because all boards share the AMD GPU. The i.MX6-based boards can do the same because all boards share the Vivante GPU. This class inspects the BitBake datastore to identify if the package provides or depends on one of the sub-architecture values. If so, the class sets the PACKAGE_ARCH value based on the MACHINE_SUBARCH value. If the package does not provide or depend on one of the sub-architecture values but it matches a value in the machine-specific filter, it sets MACHINE_ARCH. This behavior reduces the number of packages built and saves build time by reusing binaries.
Use Tools to Debug Issues: Sometimes you can run into situations where software is being rebuilt when you think it should not be. For example, the OpenEmbedded build system might not be using shared state between machines when you think it should be. These types of situations are usually due to references to machine-specific variables such as MACHINE, SERIAL_CONSOLES, XSERVER, MACHINE_FEATURES, and so forth in code that is supposed to only be tune-specific or when the recipe depends (DEPENDS, RDEPENDS, RRECOMMENDS, RSUGGESTS, and so forth) on some other recipe that already has PACKAGE_ARCH defined as “${MACHINE_ARCH}”.

Note

Patches to fix any issues identified are most welcome as these issues occasionally do occur.

For such cases, you can use some tools to help you sort out the situation:
- state-diff-machines.sh``*:* You can find this tool in the ``scripts directory of the Source Repositories. See the comments in the script for information on how to use the tool.
- BitBake’s “-S printdiff” Option: Using this option causes BitBake to try to establish the most recent signature match (e.g. in the shared state cache) and then compare matched signatures to determine the stamps and delta where these two stamp trees diverge.

12.6 Building Software from an External Source

By default, the OpenEmbedded build system uses the Build Directory when building source code. The build process involves fetching the source files, unpacking them, and then patching them if necessary before the build takes place.

There are situations where you might want to build software from source files that are external to and thus outside of the OpenEmbedded build system. For example, suppose you have a project that includes a new BSP with a heavily customized kernel. And, you want to minimize exposing the build system to the development team so that they can focus on their project and maintain everyone’s workflow as much as possible. In this case, you want a kernel source directory on the development machine where the development occurs. You want the recipe’s SRC_URI variable to point to the external directory and use it as is, not copy it.

To build from software that comes from an external source, all you need to do is inherit the externalsrc class and then set the EXTERNALSRC variable to point to your external source code. Here are the statements to put in your local.conf file:

INHERIT += "externalsrc"
EXTERNALSRC:pn-myrecipe = "path-to-your-source-tree"

This next example shows how to accomplish the same thing by setting EXTERNALSRC in the recipe itself or in the recipe’s append file:

EXTERNALSRC = "path"
EXTERNALSRC_BUILD = "path"

Note

In order for these settings to take effect, you must globally or locally inherit the externalsrc class.

By default, externalsrc builds the source code in a directory separate from the external source directory as specified by EXTERNALSRC. If you need to have the source built in the same directory in which it resides, or some other nominated directory, you can set EXTERNALSRC_BUILD to point to that directory:

EXTERNALSRC_BUILD:pn-myrecipe = "path-to-your-source-tree"

12.7 Replicating a Build Offline

It can be useful to take a “snapshot” of upstream sources used in a build and then use that “snapshot” later to replicate the build offline. To do so, you need to first prepare and populate your downloads directory your “snapshot” of files. Once your downloads directory is ready, you can use it at any time and from any machine to replicate your build.

Follow these steps to populate your Downloads directory:

Create a Clean Downloads Directory: Start with an empty downloads directory (DL_DIR). You start with an empty downloads directory by either removing the files in the existing directory or by setting DL_DIR to point to either an empty location or one that does not yet exist.
Generate Tarballs of the Source Git Repositories: Edit your local.conf configuration file as follows:
```
DL_DIR = "/home/your-download-dir/"
BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS = "1"
```
During the fetch process in the next step, BitBake gathers the source files and creates tarballs in the directory pointed to by DL_DIR. See the BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS variable for more information.
Populate Your Downloads Directory Without Building: Use BitBake to fetch your sources but inhibit the build:
```
$ bitbake target --runonly=fetch
```
The downloads directory (i.e. ${DL_DIR}) now has a “snapshot” of the source files in the form of tarballs, which can be used for the build.
Optionally Remove Any Git or other SCM Subdirectories From the Downloads Directory: If you want, you can clean up your downloads directory by removing any Git or other Source Control Management (SCM) subdirectories such as ${DL_DIR}/git2/*. The tarballs already contain these subdirectories.

Once your downloads directory has everything it needs regarding source files, you can create your “own-mirror” and build your target. Understand that you can use the files to build the target offline from any machine and at any time.

Follow these steps to build your target using the files in the downloads directory:

Using Local Files Only: Inside your local.conf file, add the SOURCE_MIRROR_URL variable, inherit the own-mirrors class, and use the BB_NO_NETWORK variable to your local.conf:
```
SOURCE_MIRROR_URL ?= "file:///home/your-download-dir/"
INHERIT += "own-mirrors"
BB_NO_NETWORK = "1"
```
The SOURCE_MIRROR_URL and own-mirrors class set up the system to use the downloads directory as your “own mirror”. Using the BB_NO_NETWORK variable makes sure that BitBake’s fetching process in step 3 stays local, which means files from your “own-mirror” are used.
Start With a Clean Build: You can start with a clean build by removing the ${TMPDIR} directory or using a new Build Directory.
Build Your Target: Use BitBake to build your target:
```
$ bitbake target
```
The build completes using the known local “snapshot” of source files from your mirror. The resulting tarballs for your “snapshot” of source files are in the downloads directory.
Note

The offline build does not work if recipes attempt to find the latest version of software by setting SRCREV to ${AUTOREV}:
```
SRCREV = "${AUTOREV}"
```
When a recipe sets SRCREV to ${AUTOREV}, the build system accesses the network in an attempt to determine the latest version of software from the SCM. Typically, recipes that use AUTOREV are custom or modified recipes. Recipes that reside in public repositories usually do not use AUTOREV.

If you do have recipes that use AUTOREV, you can take steps to still use the recipes in an offline build. Do the following:
1. Use a configuration generated by enabling build history.
2. Use the buildhistory-collect-srcrevs command to collect the stored SRCREV values from the build’s history. For more information on collecting these values, see the “Build History Package Information” section.
3. Once you have the correct source revisions, you can modify those recipes to set SRCREV to specific versions of the software.